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Emission Standards in India

By The M ⋅ February 10, 2009 ⋅ Printable version ⋅ Post a comment

The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990’s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles.

On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 – 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1
Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles)
Standard Reference Date Region
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide
Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
2003.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†
2005.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†
2010.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†
* National Capital Region (Delhi)
† Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra

The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities.

For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010.

Trucks and Buses

Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines—applicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,500 kg—are listed in Table 1. Emissions are tested over the ECE R49 13-mode test (through the Euro II stage).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2
Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWh
Year Reference CO HC NOx PM
1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - -
1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -
2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*
2005† Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
2010† Euro III 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10
* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW
† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1

More details on Euro I-III regulations can be found in the EU heavy-duty engine standards page.

Light Duty Diesel Vehicles

Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 3. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles; compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3
Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles, g/km
Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx PM
1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - -
1996 - 5.0-9.0 - 2.0-4.0 -
2000 Euro 1 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 0.14-0.25
2005† Euro 2 1.0-1.5 - 0.7-1.2 0.08-0.17
† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1

The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle.

Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 4
Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWh
Year Reference CO HC NOx PM
1992 - 14.0 3.5 18.0 -
1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -
2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*
2005† Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW
† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1

Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles

4-Wheel Vehicles

Emission standards for gasoline vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 5. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles (compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page). The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5
Emission Standards for Gasoline Vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg), g/km
Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx
1991 - 14.3-27.1 2.0-2.9 -
1996 - 8.68-12.4 - 3.00-4.36
1998* - 4.34-6.20 - 1.50-2.18
2000 Euro 1 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70
2005† Euro 2 2.2-5.0 - 0.5-0.7
* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles
† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1

Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000).

3- And 2-Wheel Vehicles

Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel gasoline vehicles are listed in the following tables.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 6
Emission Standards for 3-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/km
Year CO HC HC+NOx
1991 12-30 8-12 -
1996 6.75 - 5.40
2000 4.00 - 2.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.00

Table 7
Emission Standards for 2-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/km
Year CO HC HC+NOx
1991 12-30 8-12 -
1996 4.50 - 3.60
2000 2.00 -

Construction Machinery

Emission standards for diesel construction machinery were adopted on 21 September 2006. The standards are structured into two tiers:

  • Bharat (CEV) Stage II—These standards are based on the EU Stage I requirements, but also cover smaller engines that were not regulated under the EU Stage I.
  • Bharat (CEV) Stage III—These standards are based on US Tier 2/3 requirements.

The standards are summarized in the following table:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1
Bharat (CEV) Emission Standards for Diesel Construction Machinery
Engine Power Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
kW g/kWh
Bharat (CEV) Stage II
P < 8 2008.10 8.0 1.3 - 9.2 1.00
8 ≤ P < 19 2008.10 6.6 1.3 - 9.2 0.85
19 ≤ P < 37 2007.10 6.5 1.3 - 9.2 0.85
37 ≤ P < 75 2007.10 6.5 1.3 - 9.2 0.85
75 ≤ P < 130 2007.10 5.0 1.3 - 9.2 0.70
130 ≤ P < 560 2007.10 5.0 1.3 - 9.2 0.54
Bharat (CEV) Stage III
P < 8 2011.04 8.0 - 7.5 - 0.80
8 ≤ P < 19 2011.04 6.6 - 7.5 - 0.80
19 ≤ P < 37 2011.04 5.5 - 7.5 - 0.60
37 ≤ P < 75 2011.04 5.0 - 4.7 - 0.40
75 ≤ P < 130 2011.04 5.0 - 4.0 - 0.30
130 ≤ P < 560 2011.04 3.5 - 4.0 - 0.20

The limit values apply for both type approval (TA) and conformity of production (COP) testing. Testing is performed on an engine dynamometer over the ISO 8178 C1 (8-mode) and D2 (5-mode) test cycles.

The Bharat Stage III standards must be met over the useful life periods shown in Table 2. Alternatively, manufacturers may use fixed emission deterioration factors of 1.1 for CO, 1.05 for HC, 1.05 for NOx, and 1.1 for PM.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2
Bharat (CEV) Stage III Useful Life Periods
Power Rating Useful Life Period
hours
< 19 kW 3000
19-37 kW constant speed 3000
variable speed 5000
> 37 kW 8000

Agricultural Tractors

Emission standards for diesel agricultural tractors are summarized in Table 3.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3
Bharat (Trem) Emission Standards for Diesel Agricultural Tractors
Engine Power Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
kW g/kWh
Bharat (Trem) Stage I
All 1999.10 14.0 3.5 - 18.0 -
Bharat (Trem) Stage II
All 2003.06 9.0 - 15.0 - 1.00
Bharat (Trem) Stage III
All 2005.10 5.5 - 9.5 - 0.80
Bharat (Trem) Stage III A
P < 8 2010.04 5.5 - 8.5 - 0.80
8 ≤ P < 19 2010.04 5.5 - 8.5 - 0.80
19 ≤ P < 37 2010.04 5.5 - 7.5 - 0.60
37 ≤ P < 75 2011.04 5.0 - 4.7 - 0.40
75 ≤ P < 130 2011.04 5.0 - 4.0 - 0.30
130 ≤ P < 560 2011.04 3.5 - 4.0 - 0.20

Emissions are tested over the ISO 8178 C1 (8-mode) cycle. For Bharat (Trem) Stage III A, the useful life periods and deterioration factors are the same as for Bharat (CEV) Stage III, Table 2.

 

Generator Sets

Emissions from new diesel engines used in generator sets have been regulated by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India [G.S.R. 371 (E), 17 May 2002]. The regulations impose type approval certification, production conformity testing and labeling requirements. Certification agencies include the Automotive Research Association of India and the Vehicle Research and Development Establishment. The emission standards are listed below.

 

 

 

 

Table 1
Emission Standards for Diesel Engines ≤ 800 kW for Generator Sets
Engine Power (P) Date CO HC NOx PM Smoke
g/kWh 1/m
P ≤ 19 kW 2004.01 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.6 0.7
2005.07 3.5 1.3 9.2 0.3 0.7
19 kW < P ≤ 50 kW 2004.01 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.5 0.7
2004.07 3.5 1.3 9.2 0.3 0.7
50 kW < P ≤ 176 kW 2004.01 3.5 1.3 9.2 0.3 0.7
176 kW < P ≤ 800 kW 2004.11 3.5 1.3 9.2 0.3 0.7

Engines are tested over the 5-mode ISO 8178 D2 test cycle. Smoke opacity is measured at full load.

 

 

 

 

Table 2
Emission Limits for Diesel Engines > 800 kW for Generator Sets
Date CO NMHC NOx PM
mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 ppm(v) mg/Nm3
Until 2003.06 150 150 1100 75
2003.07 – 2005.06 150 100 970 75
2005.07 150 100 710 75

Concentrations are corrected to dry exhaust conditions with 15% residual O2.

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